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On October 1, 1965, a group of Indonesian soldiers calling themselves "the September 30th movement" kidnapped and killed several high-ranking officers, claiming that they were preventing a plot against the president. But the movement itself was swiftly defeated, and another army general, Haji Suharto, took the opportunity to accuse the Communist Party of trying to overthrow the government. Seizing power for himself, he would rule Indonesia for more than three decades. The alleged Communist plot was a key element in Suharto's national mythology, but as Roosa explains, the haphazardness of the September 30th movement's actions has always provoked questions about its real motivations. His research, including a previously ignored account of the plot's shortcomings by one of its advisers, suggests that the truth lies close to the easiest explanation. The September 30th movement was not a coup, Roosa asserts, but an attempt to purge the Indonesian government of anti-Communist influences that failed because it was "a tangled, incoherent mess." Roosa's historical reconstruction is painstakingly detailed, yet laid out in a clear narrative. While some questions remain unanswered, his scenario provides a rational explanation for much of the chaos the political upheaval engendered.
- Sales Rank: #1502108 in Books
- Published on: 2006-08-03
- Original language: English
- Number of items: 1
- Dimensions: 9.00" h x .80" w x 6.00" l, 1.02 pounds
- Binding: Paperback
- 344 pages
- ISBN13: 9780299220341
- Condition: New
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From Publishers Weekly
On October 1, 1965, a group of Indonesian soldiers calling themselves "the September 30th movement" kidnapped and killed several high-ranking officers, claiming that they were preventing a plot against the president. But the movement itself was swiftly defeated, and another army general, Haji Suharto, took the opportunity to accuse the Communist Party of trying to overthrow the government. Seizing power for himself, he would rule Indonesia for more than three decades. The alleged Communist plot was a key element in Suharto's national mythology, but as Roosa explains, the haphazardness of the September 30th movement's actions has always provoked questions about its real motivations. His research, including a previously ignored account of the plot's shortcomings by one of its advisers, suggests that the truth lies close to the easiest explanation. The September 30th movement was not a coup, Roosa asserts, but an attempt to purge the Indonesian government of anti-Communist influences that failed because it was "a tangled, incoherent mess." Roosa's historical reconstruction is painstakingly detailed, yet laid out in a clear narrative. While some questions remain unanswered, his scenario provides a rational explanation for much of the chaos the political upheaval engendered.
Copyright � Reed Business Information, a division of Reed Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Review
"This is essential reading for students of modern Indonesian history, and for anyone interested in political violence, the role of the military in politics, and U.S. foreign policy."--Geoffrey Robinson, UCLA
"Well-written and absorbing, this is the first scholarly attempt in more than two decades to examine seriously the evidence concerning the single most important puzzle in Indonesian history, the 30 September 1965 coup."--Robert Cribb, Australian National University
"Roosa takes readers into that fascinating hyper-heated political atmosphere of Sukarno's Indonesia when the society was rife with rumors and tensions. By moving carefully through this darkened past, his account shows how the bloody denouement of October 1965 was the sum of these tensions--rival military factions, maneuvers by special units within the Communist Party, and the efforts of foreign intelligence agencies to manipulate these divisions. Lucid, thoughtful, and engaging, this is a brilliant, strikingly original analysis."--Alfred W. McCoy, Series Editor, University of Wisconsin-Madison
About the Author
John Roosa is assistant professor of history at the University of British Columbia in Vancouver, Canada, and coeditor of the Indonesian-language book Tahun yang Tak Pernah Berakhir: Pengalaman Korban 1965: Esai-Esai Sejarah Lisan ("The Year That Never Ended: Understanding the Experiences of the Victims of 1965: Oral History Essays").
Most helpful customer reviews
20 of 20 people found the following review helpful.
An Excellent Look at a Sadly Overlooked Coup
By Benjamin Terrall
"Pretext for Mass Murder" is an impressive overview of the complicated events behind the 1965-1966 coup in which pro-U.S. General Suharto seized power and began a three decade reign of terror. Roosa worked with a group of Indonesian scholars on interviews and other historical research which produced core material for this book. Though in the end Roosa concludes that a few members of the Indonesian communist party (PKI), by launching an ill-conceived anti-military action, did provide the provocation which rightist military forces and the U.S. had been waiting for in 1965, the foolhardy actions of those individual PKI members do not in any way absolve Suharto and his western backers for what consequently happened (an epic campaign of bloodletting which eviscerated the PKI and killed up to a million Indonesians).
In Roosa's words: "In the months before October, the United States and the army wanted an incident like the movement to occur[...] Eisenhower and the Dulles brothers - Allen at the head of the CIA and John Foster at the head of the State Department - viewed all nationalist Third World leaders who wished to remain neutral in the cold war as Communist stooges. In full confidence of their right to handpick the leaders of foreign countries, Eisenhower and the Dulleses repeatedly used CIA covert operations to overthrow such leaders: Mossadegh in Iran in 1953, Arbenz in Guatemala in 1954, and Souvanna Phouma in Laos in 1960. The Dulles brothers viewed Sukarno as yet another irritating character who needed to be removed from the world stage."
The book effectively synthesizes a wealth of information and is extremely well written, and thankfully devoid of the clunky jargon which sinks so many otherwise useful academic volumes.
4 of 4 people found the following review helpful.
A remarkable forensic history.
By Nathaniel Lane
The botched coup of October 1, 1965 marked the demise of President Sukarno and the emergent politicide of a social movement. Roosa untangles the complexities of this event with sharp analytics and oral history scholarship. Much more than an eerie historical analysis, Roosa creates a captivating narrative that reads like a detective novel.
Academics have long debated "what really happened" on October 1st, when a group of mid-ranking military officers led a botched purge of suspected anti-Sukarno generals. A comedy of errors followed. Announcing itself over the airwaves as the "September 30 Movement" (G-30-S) from a captured center of Jakarta, the group was routed by nightfall. Under General Suharto, the emerging military leadership pinned the episode on the Indonesian Communist Party (PKI), granting the pretext for an extermination of Indonesian leftists.
This book transparently assembles an updated narrative with logical prowess. Roosa shine in his sharp interrogation of past sources, reconciling prior insights with new sources and testimonies. Using a surprising new document from a key coup insider, together with fresh insights from survivors, Roosa brings the events into focus. Importantly, this work comes closest to understanding the extent of PKI's involvement in the events; tragically, it seems PKI was implicated by the secretive, cavalier actions of party insiders.
The Pretext for Mass Murder is a successful historical analysis. While intensive and specific, it is a surprisingly readable work on a mysterious episode in Indonesian history. A remarkable read for those interested in Indonesian history and the practice of oral history.
1 of 1 people found the following review helpful.
A closure to a much debated episode of the Indonesian history
By Brasukra Sudjana
This book provides closure to this dark episode of the Indonesian history. Neither supportive of the Suharto propaganda, nor pandering to conspiracy theorists (that Suharto himself masterminded a coup destined to fail), it is a balanced discussion on the 30th September Movement based on key new evidence available in the 2000s. The book is structured from the picture of the movement itself and how it implodes, to the role of the Special Bureau and the PKI, and finally to the bigger picture of how the movement fits into a global conflict of communism vs. the west.
There are interesting sub-conflicts on which the book only implies. First, between the Sukarnoists and anti-Sukarnoists and how the army/Suharto pretended at the beginning to be Sukarnoist, only to suppress not only PKI but also all other Sukarnoist organizations. It is worth noting that even the nationalist party, the PNI, was also subjected to the repression. Eventually, all the service branches, including the army suffered from Suharto's purges. The other sub-conflict was between the two wanna-bes: Suharto vs. Sjam. Both shared common characteristics - secretive and relatively unknown. These served Suharto well (no one knew whether he was anti- or pro-Sukarno), but not Sjam, whose ambitions eventually destroyed the movement. In fact, cultural explanations have attempted to portray Suharto as the typical Javanese outsider who managed to unseat a king through a creeping coup (Pramoedya Ananta Toer's book on a real historical character and East Javanese king, Ken Arok, was structured along this line). However, the biggest sub-conflict in this book was between the PKI and the US Government, a conflict in which PKI was doomed to lose. While the US worked through and supplied the Indonesian army with training, information and materiel, the PKI suffered from the Moscow-Beijing split and had no access to arms. Short of an armed rebellion, the PKI's position was not tenable, despite the appearances of its gaining access to power through ministerial appointments in the cabinet.
Suharto's coup d'etat remains the smartest coup that the US has helped to engineer. I don't think any other coup has been as convoluted as it had been. The title of the book also puts this fact (a Suharto coup, not PKI) right. Such facts that the CIA supplied the army with kill lists should be made even more public. As it is, demands for the Indonesian government to apologize for the mass killings should be paired with demands for the US government to do so.
Unfortunately, despite this book (translated and freely available online in Indonesian) and other alternative publications after Suharto's downfall in 1998, the debate about the movement and the PKI is still colored and dominated by the results of 30 years of Suharto propaganda. It will take another generation, before the (current) generals realize that playing up PKI as a latent threat to the country is an outdated and silly way of bullying people. Moreover, beneficiaries of Suharto's New Order are still alive and kicking even in the current government. The former president SBY is a son-in-law of the head of the special forces in 1965-1966, which trained local militias to kill, and initiated the killings of, those suspected of being PKI or PKI sympathizers. Those who claimed to be 'student activists' in 1965, who supported the army and received funding from the CIA, are now in government as advisers to various ministers.
Finally, I would love to see someone turn this event or the book into a movie. The similarities and parallels (such as the debate of military vs. political operation, and the use of the reserve troops) to Operation Valkyrie, for one, is just too much to ignore.
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